OpenCog Foundation
The OpenCog Foundation is working on a number of algorithms that interact with a sophisticated memory/data structure.
Universal Artificial Intelligence AIXI
AIXI is a theory of general intelligence thatcombine Solomonoff induction withsequential decision theory.
Vicarious
One high profile AI startup that is trying to develop a human-level artificial intelligence is Vicarious. Their current focus is smarter robots. Watch their founder, Scott Phoenix, discuss unlocking the human brain. Check out his prediction on when computer instructions executed will exceed all the human neurons in the world. (It isn't that far away).
Reanimating TV Characters
The University of Leeds has a project to generate avatars of television characters based on video from the shows. Their tools are an early example of what will be available to capture your personality and generate a brain clone of you. Check out their video.
Geometric Intelligence
Geometric Intelligence focuses on learning from sparse data sets. Current machine learning algorithms require many large training data sets. Geometric Intelligence seeks to achieve the same learning with much less data.
Human Connectome Project
The Human Connectome Project is mapping the neural connections of the brain, and sharing their findings in a database. Check out the relationship viewer.
Los Alamos Synthetic Cognition Project
The Synthetic Cognition project is buidling a petascale of a primate visual cortex. It uses a hierarchical feed-forward architecture based on mammalian neurons.
Government
The White House Brain Initiative includes projects at the National Institutes of Heath, the National Science Foundation, DARPA, and IARPA.
Substrate Independent Minds
CarbonCopies.org has links to great material on substrate independent minds.
AI on Minecraft
Microsoft has opened its Project Malmo to the general public. Malmo allows AI scripts to run within Minecraft.
Mind Uploading
Minduploading.org is a great place to stay abreast of minduploading research.
Neuralink
Neuralink plans to build brain implants, initially to treat diseases but later to provide a brain/computer interface that could accelerate human cognition.